Imagine you have the opportunity to invest £100,000 for your company, with a 70% chance of providing a 20% return within five years. Do you decide to go for it? Now consider whether your decision would be different if you could be held personally liable for making the wrong decision; your home and other assets are on the line. Do you have the same approach to risk?

This simplified scenario demonstrates why Directors & Officers (D&O) insurance exists. Senior employees are exposed to civil and criminal liability in relation to a host of responsibilities including employee safety, tax and finance law. Company law can also give rise to personal liability, for example if directors know a company is about to become insolvent but continue trading anyway, resulting losses can potentially be recovered from their personal assets.

D&O insurance gives directors and officers the confidence to know there is support to pay compensation or defend claims or prosecutions when things go wrong. It’s not a ‘get out of jail free’ card to excuse negligent behaviour, but it does provide valuable protection in difficult situations.

Let’s consider seven key things you need to know about D&O insurance.

1. Claims can be brought by a variety of company stakeholders
   It’s not just shareholders who may bring a claim against senior staff. Employees, bondholders, lenders, customers, consumer bodies, suppliers and competitors could all have legal standing to bring a claim. The likelihood is that at some point, every company will face the threat of a claim.
2. D&O insurance is not compulsory
   The law does not require you to hold D&O insurance, but in practice companies can find it very difficult to recruit top talent without having a policy in place. Qualified candidates see insurance as an essential protection and usually ask to see the policy before entering an employment contract.
3. Operating without D&O insurance can cause undue risk aversion
   Failing to put D&O insurance in place will not only harm recruitment; it also impedes the ability of senior executives to make decisions on behalf of the company. Put simply, they are likely to be more risk averse when their own assets are under threat.
4. Professional indemnity insurance and D&O cover different types of risk
   There is often confusion about whether policies for professional indemnity and D&O are the same thing. They are separate: professional indemnity relates to situations where it is claimed that a service or advice has not been delivered to a competent standard. D&O insurance relates to the management of a company and concerns risk connected to governance and oversight.
5. The first policies were developed in the Great Depression
   History time: D&O insurance was created in the 1930s after new laws were introduced in the US to hold directors to account for failings that led to the 1929 Wall Street crash.
6. The law says some areas of liability must be excluded
   Providing cover for every corporate misdemeanour would arguably create a moral hazard in which executives would feel immune from the consequences of their actions. This is why English law says insurance cannot cover some types of penalty and fines. However, D&O insurance can pay for costs such as legal fees in defending a criminal charge.
7. Cyber attacks are increasing risk for directors and officers
   Cybercrime is increasingly common for companies of all sizes; 74% of all small UK businesses have experienced a security breach in the last year. Executives can face claims from customers, shareholders and other interested parties following a breach, with losses being virtually unlimited. This is another incentive to put a quality D&O policy in place.

Do you have the insurance cover you need?